Overview on impact testing at VTT:
https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/impact-testing-in-vtt
Fedoroff, A., Calonius, K., Vepsä, A., & Saarenheimo, A. (2022). Impact testing in VTT. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/p8.pdf
https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/historical-review-of-impact-test-carried-out-at-vtt
Vepsä, A., Calonius, K., Fedoroff, A., & Saarenheimo, A. (2022). Historical review of impact test carried out at VTT. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/tu.1.c.3.pdf
Other publications in chronological order:
Heckötter, C., Vepsä, A., & Sievers, J. (2025). Test program and numerical studies on reinforced concrete slabs impacted by liquid-filled missiles. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 435, Article 113891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2025.113891
Fedoroff, A., Darraba, A., Ghadimi Khasraghy, S., Heckötter, C., Sawada, S., Corrêa Soares, G., Tarallo, F., Vepsä, A., & Sagals, G. (2024). Combined Bending And Punching Damage of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Under Impact Loading: Tests on Influence of Scale Effect. In Transactions of the SMiRT 27 International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT.
Fedoroff, A., Calonius, K., & Sklodowska, A. (2025). Measuring damage anisotropy in concrete from ultrasound velocity data. International Journal of Damage Mechanics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10567895251357962
Calonius, K., Fedoroff, A., Jessen-Juhler, O., Kolari, K., Forsström, A., Ferreira, R. M., Bohner, E., & Fülöp, L. (2023). Modelling of aged reinforced concrete structures for design extension conditions (CONFIT). In SAFIR2022 – The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2019–2022: Final Report (pp. 479-491). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/technology/2023/T414.pdf
Vepsä, A., Darraba, A., Fedoroff, A., Heckötter, C., Sawada, S., Schneeberger, C., & Tarallo, F. (2022). Bending damage of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to soft missile impact, Part I: Resent tests on influence of inclined impact. In Transactions, SMiRT-26 : Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/th.3.c.3.pdf
Vilppo, J., Kouhia, R., Hartikainen, J., Kolari, K., Fedoroff, A., & Calonius, K. (2021). Anisotropic damage model for concrete and other quasi-brittle materials. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 225, Article 111048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111048
Calonius, K., Fedoroff, A., Jessen-Juhler, O., & Forsström, A. (2022). Calibration of tensorial damage concrete material model with cyclic compression tests and ultrasound measurements. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/mo.1.k.5.pdf
Vilppo, J., Kouhia, R., Hartikainen, J., Kolari, K., Fedoroff, A., & Calonius, K. (2022). Continuum damage model for concrete. In S. Stokkeland, & H. C. Braarud (Eds.), Proceedings for the 6th fib International Congress, 2022: Concrete Innovation for Sustainability (pp. 260-269). Article 286399 The International Federation for Structural Concrete (FIB).
Calonius, K., Saarenheimo, A., Fedoroff, A., & Vepsä, A. (2022). Punching failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to hard missile impact: Part II, Recent tests and analyses on inclined impact. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/th.2.c.3.pdf
Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., Fedoroff, A., Tuomala, M., & Vepsä, A. (2022). Punching Failure of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Subjected to Hard Missile Impact: Part IV, Numerical studies with the CDP model in ABAQUS and assessments with semi empirical methods. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/th.3.c.2.pdf
Calonius, K., & Fedoroff, A. (2022). User modified abaqus CDP material model development in impact. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/tu.2.c.3.pdf
Vepsä, A., Heckötter, C., Darraba, A., Fedoroff, A., Sawada, S., Schneeberger, C., & Tarallo, F. (2022). Punching failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to hard missile impact: Part I, Recent test on influence of slab thickness and shear reinforcement. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/th.2.c.2.pdf
Özen, K., & Fedoroff, A. (2022). Simulation of pre-stressed slabs using abaqus CDP material model. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/th.4.c.1.pdf
Heckötter, C., Vepsä, A., & Sievers, J. (2022). Test program and numerical studies on reinforced concrete slabs impacted by liquid-filled missiles. In Transactions, SMiRT-26: Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://www.smirt26.com/Portals/smirt26/BB-Smirt26/Inhalt/th.2.c.1.pdf
Fedoroff, A., & Calonius, K. (2020). Using the abaqus CDP model in impact simulations. Rakenteiden Mekaniikka, 53(3), 180-207. https://doi.org/10.23998/rm.79723
Kuutti, J. (2020). Development of methods for modelling the failure of quasi-brittle materials: Dissertation. [Dissertation, Aalto University]. Aalto University. https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/55390
Fedoroff, A., Calonius, K., & Kuutti, J. (2019). Behavior of the Abaqus CDP model in simple stress states. Journal of Structural Mechanics, 52(2), 87-113. https://doi.org/10.23998/rm.75937
Calonius, K., Fedoroff, A., Kolari, K., Reijo, K., & Vilppo, J. (2019). Calibration of Abaqus CDP model parameters. In A. H. Niemi, & H. Koivurova (Eds.), Proceedings of NSCM 32: The 32nd Nordic Seminar on Computational Mechanics (pp. 51-54). University of Oulu. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526224206
Saarenheimo, A., Borgerhoff, M., Calonius, K., Darraba, A., Hamelin, A., Ghadimi Khasraghy, S., Karbassi, A., Schneeberger, C., Stadler, M., Tuomala, M., & Välikangas, P. (2018). Numerical studies on vibration propagation and damping test V1. Rakenteiden Mekaniikka, 51(1), 55-80. https://doi.org/10.23998/rm.68954
Fedoroff, A., Kuutti, J., & Saarenheimo, A. (2017). A physically motivated element deletion criterion for the concrete damage plasticity model. In SMiRT-24, Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT.
Vepsä, A., Calonius, K., Fedoroff, A., Fülöp, L., Jussila, V., Saarenheimo, A., Varis, P., Fälth, B., Lund, B., & Tuomala, M. (2017). Experimental and numerical methods for external event assessment improving safety (ERNEST). In J. Hämäläinen, & V. Suolanen (Eds.), SAFIR2018 – The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2015-2018: Interim Report (pp. 89-103). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/technology/2017/T294.pdf
Calonius, K. (2017). FE Simulations of ASME Blast Tests. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report Vol. VTT-R-03844-17
Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., Fedoroff, A., Tuomala, M., & Vepsä, A. (2017). Numerical sensitivity studies on vibration propagation and damping. In 24th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology 2017 (SMiRT 24) (Vol. 3, pp. 1770-1779). International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.20/36006
Vepsä, A., Calonius, K., Saarenheimo, A., Aatola, S., & Halonen, M. (2017). Soft impact testing of a wall-floor-wall reinforced concrete structure. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 311, 86-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.10.052
Fedoroff, A. (2017). Continuum Damage Plasticity for Concrete Modeling. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report Vol. VTT-R-00331-17
Vepsä, A. (2017). Impact testing of reinforced concrete slabs for combined shear punching and bending behaviour. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report Vol. VTT-R-00267-17
Fedoroff, A. (2016). Feasibility study of aircraft impact simulation on nuclear powerplant. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report No. VTT-R-04132-16
Kuutti, J. (2016). Modelling of projectile penetration into lightweight expanded clay aggregate. Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials, 2(4), 425-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-016-0078-y
Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., & Tuomala, M. (2015). Bending and punching studies on impact loaded plate. In Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technologies: 23rd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology 2015 (SMiRT 23) International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT.
Vepsä, A., Aatola, S., Calonius, K., & Halonen, M. (2015). Impact testing of a wall-floor-wall reinforced concrete structure. Paper presented at 22nd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology 2013, SMiRT 22, San Francisco, California, United States.
Saarenheimo, A., Tuomala, M., & Calonius, K. (2015). Shear punching studies on an impact loaded reinforced concrete slab. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 295, 730-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.04.018
Vepsä, A., Calonius, K., & Saarenheimo, A. (2015). Testing and modelling of phenomena arising in an aircraft impact against concrete structures. ATS Ydintekniikka, 44(2), 25-27. http://www.ats-fns.fi/images/files/ydintekniikka/atsyt_2015_2.pdf
Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., & Tuomala, M. (2015). Vibration studies on an impact loaded reinforced concrete structure. In Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technologies: 23rd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology 2015 (SMiRT 23) International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.20/34086
Hostikka, S., Silde, A., Sikanen, T., Vepsä, A., Paajanen, A., & Honkanen, M. (2015). Experimental characterisation of sprays resulting from impacts of liquid-containing projectiles. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 295, 388-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.09.008
Vepsä, A., & Hakola, I. (2014). Impact Testing of reinforced Concrete Slabs. In Papers from XIII Nordic concrete recearch symposium (pp. 123-126). The Nordic Concrete Federation (NCF).
Hakola, I., Saarenheimo, A., Vepsä, A., Calonius, K., Hostikka, S., Kuutti, J., Silde, A., Sikanen, T., & Tuomala, M. (2013). Impact 2014 (IMPACT2014) and structural mechanics analyses of soft and hard impacts (SMASH). In SAFIR2014.:The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2011-2014: Interim Report (pp. 344-362). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/technology/2013/T80.pdf#page=346
Kuutti, J., Fortino, S., Hakola, I., & Heinonen, J. (2013). Disposal canister shock absorber tests and analysis. In International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology 2013, SMiRT 22 International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT. https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/handle/1840.20/33142
Tuomala, M., Calonius, K., Kuutti, J., Saarenheimo, A., & Välikangas, P. (2012). Sensitivity studies on a punching wall of IRIS_2010 benchmark exercise. Journal of Disaster Research, 7(6), 775-785. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0775
Vepsä, A., Saarenheimo, A., Tarallo, F., Rambach, J.-M., & Orbovic, N. (2012). Impact tests for IRIS_2010 benchmark exercise. Journal of Disaster Research, 7(5), 619-628. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0619
Saarenheimo, A., Tuomala, M., Välikangas, P., & Vepsä, A. (2012). Sensitivity studies on a bending wall of IRIS_2010 benchmark exercise. Journal of Disaster Research, 7(5), 629-637. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0629
Kuutti, J., & Kolari, K. (2012). A local remeshing procedure to simulate crack propagation in quasi-brittle materials. Engineering Computations, 29(2), 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/02644401211206025
Kuutti, J., Hakola, I., & Fortino, S. (2012). Analyses of disposal canister falling accidents. Posiva. Posiva Report No. 2012-36
Calonius, K., Hakola, I., Hostikka, S., Saarenheimo, A., Silde, A., Vepsä, A., & Tuomala, M. (2011). IMPACT2010 (IMPACT) and Structures under Soft Impact (SUSI): IMPACT and SUSI joint report. In SAFIR2010: The Finnish Research Programme on Safety 2007-2010: Final Report (pp. 490-519). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/2011/T2571.pdf
Heckötter, C., Sievers, J., Tarallo, F., Bourasseau, N., Cirée, B., Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., & Tuomala, M. (2010). Comparative analyses of impact tests with reinforced concrete slabs. In EUROSAFE Forum 2010: Nuclear Installation Safety https://www.eurosafe-forum.org/sites/default/files/Eurosafe2010/1_02_Impact_Analyses_Eurosafe_final_version.pdf
Tuomala, M., Calonius, K., Saarenheimo, A., & Välikangas, P. (2010). Hard Missile Impact on Prestressed Shear Reinforced Slab. Journal of Disaster Research, 5(4), 437-451. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0437
Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., Tuomala, M., & Hakola, I. (2010). Soft Missile Impact on Shear Reinforced Concrete Wall. Journal of Disaster Research, 5(4), 426-436. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0426
Saarenheimo, A., Tuomala, M., Calonius, K., Hakola, I., Hostikka, S., & Silde, A. (2009). Experimental and numerical studies on projectile impacts. Rakenteiden Mekaniikka, 42(1), 1-37. http://rmseura.tkk.fi/rmlehti/2009/nro1/RakMek_42_1_2009_1.pdf
Calonius, K., Hakola, I., Hostikka, S., Kuutti, J., Lastunen, A., Martikainen, H., Saarenheimo, A., Silde, A., & Tuomala, M. (2009). IMPACT2010 (IMPACT) and Structures under soft impact (SUSI): IMPACT and SUSI summary report. In SAFIR2010: The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2007-2010 : Interim Report (pp. 446-473). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/2009/T2466.pdf
Tuomala, M., Calonius, K., Saarenheimo, A., & Välikangas, P. (2009). Numerical studies on pre-stressed impact loaded concrete walls. In 20th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, SMiRT 20: Book of abstracts (Vol. 2, pp. 51-51). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/symposiums/2009/S257.pdf
Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., Tuomala, M., & Hakola, I. (2009). Numerical studies on shear reinforced impact loaded concrete walls. In S. Vuori, & R. Rintamaa (Eds.), 20th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, SMiRT 20: Book of abstracts (Vol. 2, pp. 19-19). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/symposiums/2009/S257.pdf
Calonius, K., Hakola, I., Halonen, M., Hietalahti, J., Järvinen, E., Kuutti, J., Lapinluoma, L., Mäkinen, J., Saarenheimo, A., & Vepsä, A. (2009). Safety research on impact loaded structures. In V. Rouhiainen (Ed.), Scientific activities in Safety and Security 2009 (pp. 46 – 47). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/julkaisut/muut/2009/SafetySecurityReview09.pdf
Kuutti, J., & Lastunen, A. (2009). Studies of medium scale non-axisymmetric aluminium missile impacts. In S. Vuori, & R. Rintamaa (Eds.), 20th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, SMiRT 20: Book of abstracts (Vol. 1, pp. 284-285). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/symposiums/2009/S256.pdf
Lastunen, A., Hakola, I., Järvinen, E., Calonius, K., & Hyvärinen, J. (2007). Impact test facility. In 19th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology 2007, SMiRT 19 Article JO8/2 Curran Associates Inc..
Saarenheimo, A., Tuomala, M., & Calonius, K. (2007). Numerical Analyses on Impact Loaded Reinforced Concrete Walls. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report No. VTT-R-01324-07
Calonius, K., Hakola, I., Hostikka, S., Kankkunen, A., Lastunen, A., Saarenheimo, A., Silde, A., & Tuomala, M. (2006). Experimental and Numerical Studies on Impacts. In SAFIR: The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2003-2006: Final Report (pp. 207-224). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/2006/T2363.pdf
Saarenheimo, A., Aalto, A., Calonius, K., Hakola, I., Hostikka, S., Kankkunen, A., Kärnä, T., Silde, A., & Tuomala, M. (2006). Numerical studies for impact tests. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report No. BTUO72-051408
Calonius, K., Hakola, I., Hostikka, S., Kankkunen, A., Lastunen, A., Saarenheimo, A., Silde, A., & Tuomala, M. (2006). Wall response to soft impact (WARSI) & Impact loaded structures (IMPACT). In H. Räty, & E. Puska (Eds.), SAFIR: The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2003-2006: Final Report (pp. 207-224). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. https://publications.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/2006/T2363.pdf
Saarenheimo, A., Martikainen, H., Tuomala, M., & Vepsä, A. (2005). Preliminary studies for missile tests. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report No. BTUO72-041292
Saarenheimo, A., Silde, A., & Calonius, K. (2002). Structural integrity of a reinforced concrete structure and a pipe outlet under hydrogen detonation conditions. Nordic Nuclear Safety Research NKS. NKS Reports No. NKS-73 http://www.nks.org/en/nks_reports/view_document.htm?id=111010111119813
Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., Silde, A., Lindholm, I., & Sjövall, H. (2001). Numerical simulation of a reinforced concrete structure under hydrogen detonation conditions. In Smirt Post Conference Seminar: Albuquerque, NM, US. 20-21 August 2001 International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology IASMiRT.
Saarenheimo, A., Calonius, K., Pättikangas, T., Raussi, P., & Pokela, H. (2000). Numerical analyses of axi-symmetric structures under water hammer loading. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Manufacturing Technology. Research Report No. BVAL64-011091